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  • 1948 Italian general election - Wikipedia
    Italian historian Alessandro Brogi dismisses the CIA's claims as "overexaggerated" and notes that the Soviets only undertook "ad hoc last minute diplomatic [and] financial action" because it feared that inaction in Italy would set a precedent for U S intervention in Eastern Europe
  • CIA Covert Aid to Italy Averaged $5 Million Annually from Late 1940s to . . .
    In addition to overseeing a program of covert financial support to centrist Italian governments, she used the awarding of contracts under the Department of Defense Offshore Procurement Program to weaken the Italian Communist Party's hold on labor unions
  • SECRET 1948 ROLE DISCLOSED BY U. S. - The World Factbook
    The latest volume of docu- ments in the series "The For- eign Relations of the United States" contains National Se- curity Council reports that were designed to help the pro- Western Government of Pre- mier Alcide de Gasperi turn back the Communists in the elections of April, 1948
  • Taking Off the Gloves: The United States and the Italian Elections of 1948
    the events of the spring of 1948 had on American foreign policy and domestic politics Memoirs and studies dealing with the origins of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) also have stressed the importance of the Italian experience to the subsequent development of the agency and its policies
  • For Italy or For the West?: the Italian General Election of 1948
    Founded in 1947, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) undertook its first large-scale covert operation, in the Italian general election of 1948 to prevent a communist victory
  • CIA activities in Italy - grokipedia. com
    These initiatives were driven by concerns over the Italian Communist Party's electoral strength and potential Soviet subversion in a strategically vital NATO member state A cornerstone effort was the agency's intervention in the April 1948 general elections, where
  • “By All Feasible Means” - Wilson Center
    Reports from Italy in early 1948 pointed to the likelihood of a Popular Front victory at the polls, setting off alarm bells in Washington
  • Italian Elections - 1948 - GlobalSecurity. org
    Less than a year after the National Security Act of 1947 was enacted, the Truman administration, confronted with the threat of communists coming to power in the Italian elections, decided to
  • Approaches to understanding the inaugural CIA covert operation in Italy . . .
    The Italian election of April 1948 represented the first occasion on which the CIA intervened to influence events abroad Understanding of the operation has been shaped by three dissimilar approaches that have been critical, celebratory, and stressed continuity
  • Approaches to Understanding the Inaugural CIA Covert Operation in Italy . . .
    This article offers an alternative method to analyse the case through a broader international frame of inquiry that considers CIA action in the context of both American and Italian efforts during the election In so doing, it challenges the useful myths around 1948





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